Propagación de Bacterias
Considere una población de bacterias en un medio nutritivo homogéneo. Suponga que haciendo un muestreo de la población a ciertos intervalos se determina que la población se duplica cada hora. Si el número de bacterias en el instante $t$ es \(p(t)\), donde \(t\) se mide en horas, y la población inicial es \(p(0)=1000\) habitantes, entonces tenemos: \[\begin{gathered} p(1) = 2p(0) = 2 \times 1000\\
p(2) = 2p(1) = 2^2 \times 1000\\
p(3) = 2p(2) = 2^3 \times 1000\\
\end{gathered} \] Con base en este patrón, en general se cumple \[p(t) = {2^t} \times 1000 = (1000){2^t}\] Esta función de población es un múltiplo escalar de la función exponencial \(y=2^x\) (cambie \(x\) por \(t\) ), entonces posee un rápido crecimiento, tal como se puede apreciar en su respectiva gráfica:
La función \(y=2^x\) crece incluso más rápido que la fucnión \(y=x^2\) cuando \(x>0\) |
Población Humana Mundial
La siguiente tabla muestra los datos de la población mundial en el siglo XX y en la figura siguiente se muestra el diagrama de dispersión correspondiente. \[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\begin{array}{*{20}{|c}}
{{\text{Año}}}&\begin{gathered}
{\text{Población}}\\
{\text{(millones)}}\\
\end{gathered} \\ \hline
{{\text{1900}}}&{{\text{1650}}} \\
{{\text{1910}}}&{{\text{1750}}} \\
{{\text{1920}}}&{{\text{1860}}} \\
{{\text{1930}}}&{{\text{2070}}} \\
{{\text{1940 }}}&{{\text{2300}}} \\
{{\text{1950 }}}&{{\text{2560}}} \\
{{\text{1960 }}}&{{\text{3040}}} \\
{{\text{1970 }}}&{{\text{3710}}} \\
{{\text{1980 }}}&{{\text{4450}}} \\
{{\text{1990 }}}&{{\text{5280}}} \\
{{\text{2000}}}&{{\text{6080}}}
\end{array}} \\
{{\text{Población humana mundial}}}
\end{array}\]
Dispersión para el crecimiento de la población mundial |
Obtenido con Excel 2007, herramienta inserción de gráficos -> dispersión -> línea de tendencia |
La población mundial en el año \(t\) es: \[{\text{p(t) = (8}} \cdot {\text{1}}{{\text{0}}^{{\text{ - 9}}}}{\text{)}}{{\text{e}}^{0.0136t}}\;\;\text{millones de habitantes}\]
El modelo exponencial de crecimiento de población mundial en el año \(t\) |
1. Stewart, James. 2008. Calculus Early Trascendentals. 6th ed. Belmont, CA. USA : Thomson Learning Inc, 2008. pág. 18 de 1336 pp. ISBN 0-495-01166-5.
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